Causes of urbanization in india pdf

As a result, people have started moving towards these urban areas in search of employment and better livelihood. Over the span of nine decades since , the world population raised from 2 billion to 6 billion, but the urban population increased more rapidly from 2.

The four urban agglomerations UAs , namely, Calcutta, Madras, Bombay and Karachi presently in Pakistan served as centers for generating economic surplus prior to independence. The rural-urban interactions were gradually replaced by intra-national and international export-import commodity flow. Movement of population became necessary to sustain the new urban centers.

Eg: In 88, the first municipal corporation in India was set up at Madras. In , Municipal Corporation was set up in Bombay and Calcutta. With independence of the country in , the political as well as the economic structure underwent some changes. Urbanization since independence has been focused through five year plans. First two plans focused on institution and organization building and same was instructed to the states to do.

Eg: Delhi development Authority, Town and country planning organization came during this period. Third plan emphasized on importance of towns and cities in balanced regional development, need for urban land regulation and checking of urban land prices. In fourth plan , regional studies in respect of metropolitan regions around Delhi, Mumbai and Calcutta were initiated. The sixth five year plan introduced a scheme of Integrated development of Small and Medium towns IDSMT for boosting employment generation for diverting migration from big cities to the small and medium towns.

During the seventh plan, institutional developments for urban development and planning were done. During eighth plan, the Mega city scheme was introduced in covering five mega cities of Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The ninth plan emphasized on decentralization and financial autonomy of urban local bodies. The tenth plan recognized the fact that urbanization played a key role in accelerating the economic growth in s and s as a result of the economic liberalization and also stressed on strengthening the urban local bodies.

The eleventh plan introduced some innovative changes through capacity building, increasing the efficiency and productivity of the cities and using technology as a tool for rapid urbanization. The Urban frame in India In Census of India, two types of town were identified: i Statutory towns: All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or nagar panchayat, etc.

Eg: Madai Jabalpur District Urban Agglomeration UA : a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths OGs , or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. Out Growths OG : a unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location. Examples: railway colony, university campus, military camps, etc.

Current Trends in India Urbanization in India reflects an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. At the moment, India is among the countries of low level of urbanization. As per census report, out of the crore Indians, Over the years there has been continuous concentration of population in Class I towns i. Industrialization: Industrialization has expanded the employment opportunities.

In rural sector, people depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian agriculture is seasonal. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people move to cities. Thus, rural people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities. Social factors: Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for status also induce people to migrate to cities.

Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, communication, medical facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities. Employment opportunities in urban centers. The state-wise distribution of number of polluted areas as per CEPI has been depicted in Table 2, these areas are not necessarily included in the million plus or large cities of the respective states.

Table 2: Statewise distribution of top populous cities in India based on Census and polluted areas. Thus the balancing equation for population projection Pt is the result of natural increase, net migration added to the base population. There are two method of extrapolation for future population projection viz. However, some differences are there between the extrapolations using the linear and the exponential functions.

In the case of populations, the exponential curve er is preferred as population growth is well modeled by it. Based on the historical time-series data the expected urban population of individual state has been projected for the year Table 3.

The exponential curve has been used for extrapolation of population figure using the census data from to Data for theses states prior to census are included in their parent states. Includes newly created state Telangana. And the lately created state Jharkhand having more share of urban population than that of Bihar. Almost all the states are showing an increasing trend of urban population.

The anticipated rate of urbanization would be much higher in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Tripura, Mizoram and Goa. Higher demographic growth in the class I cities is due to the areal expansion of city or merging the surrounding areas of the city and migration from their rural hinterland.

The big cities attained extremely large population size leading to virtual collapse of urban services and has caused basic problem of housing, slum, water, infrastructure, and sanitation, etc. Impact of urbanization on economy and environment The theoretical model of urbanization has a positive relationship with national economy and negative relationship with environment. Industrialization induced urbanization provide jobs, business opportunities, infrastructure, amenities and transport facilities resulting in overall economic development of the region.

But it also exploits natural resources, use massive energy and generates large quantities of waste polluting the environment of the region. Various studies on urbanization level and per capita income confirmed the positive relationship between them.

A study carried out in South Asian countries also reveal that the urbanization and environment are negatively and significantly correlated Gade et al, Urbanization is linked with physical development that has been quite rapid in recent years. But unplanned urban growth creates pressure on existing infrastructure; increase in slums and squatter settlements causes several effects on environment. Urbanization in low income countries are characterized with shortage of houses; inadequacies in public utilities viz, power, water, health facilities, sanitation etc.

Due to a large unregulated influx of people in metro cities caused expansion of slums, forcing the people to live in unsafe conditions which includes illegal buildings, lack of drinking water, sanitation, hygene and public health. Urbanization is also linked to global and regional environmental impacts. The climatic and hydrological cycle has changed in the region which is having an impact on the monsoon circulation over the years. Increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme events flood, drought, etc.

Conclusion Development in general and human development in particular has a direct relationship with social transformation. This transformation enhances the physical and social infrastructure, industrialization, urbanization ensuing economical, technological and environmental changes in the society. While urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon; it is especially prevalent in India, where urban areas have experienced an unprecedented rate of growth over the last 40 years.

In the uncontrolled situation, city planners lack tools to measure, monitor, and understand urban sprawl processes. Most of the metropolitan cities in India are confronted with a serious threat of environmental pollution, acute housing crisis, and deterioration in the living conditions of slum and squatter settlements. India has a young and rapidly growing population which could be treated as a potential demographic dividend if this manpower is utilized effectively.

Thus urbanization is good for our economic growth, but it must be planned. An unplanned urbanization creates slums in the periphery of cities. Any policy for rural or urban development should be implemented effectively and transparently. There must be good governance and good infrastructure that facilitate higher standard of living in slum areas also.

By optimizing the productivity of cities the country will be able to maximize its GDP in the economy. Managing urban areas has become one of the most important development challenges of the 21st century.

If well managed, cities offer important opportunities for economic development and expanding access to basic services, including health care and education, for large numbers of people. It is envisaged that the implementation of a 3-tier structure for decentralized planning in urban areas under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission JNNURM , launched by the Government of India in , will result in strengthened rural-urban linkages. Also providing public transportation, mass housing, electricity, water and sanitation for a densely settled urban population is typically cheaper and less environmentally damaging than providing the same level of services to a highly scattered rural population.

The author expresses his sincere gratitude to Dr. References Anonymous Urbanization in India: dynamics and consequences.

Mumbai, International Institute for Population Sciences. Anonymous World urbanization prospects: The revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

New York: United Nations, Pp. Bhagat, R. Component of urban growth in India with reference to Haryana: Findings from recent censuses, Nagarlok, 25 3 , Bhasin, R. Urban poverty and urbanization. Urbanization and spatial patterns of internal migration in India. CPCB Comprehensive environmental assessment of industrial clusters. Manage consent. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.

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